External Resources: Electricity & Magnetism

The Physics Hypertextbook™
© 1998-2008 by Glenn Elert -- A Work in Progress
All Rights Reserved -- Fair Use Encouraged

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Introduction
- general
  - Electro.Patent-Invent, All about Electricity, Electronics, Electromagnetism, Electrochemistry: Patents, Inventors, Inventions and Discoveries
  - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
    - Beyond the Mechanical Universe, The world of electricity and magnetism, and 20th-century discoveries of relativity and quantum mechanics.

Electrostatics
1. Electric Charge
  - general
    - Basics of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), Midwest Chapter, Electrostatic Discharge Association
    - The Discovery of the Electron, American Institute of Physics
    - Electrostatic Applications
      - Other Electrostatics Websites
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Static Electricity, Eighteenth-century electricians knew how to spark the interest of an audience with the principles of static electricity.
    - Mike's Electric Stuff, Mike Harrison
    - "Static" Electricity Page, Bill Beaty
    - Stop Static, Petroleum Equipment Institute (PEI)
    - Theater of Electricity, Museum of Science, Boston
  - benjamin franklin
    - Benjamin Franklin's Science, I Bernard Cohen (1996)
    - Experiments and Observations on Electricity, Benjamin Franklin, Octavo Editions
  - high voltage
    - The Lightning Guy, Brent Turner
    - Mike's Electric Stuff, Mike Harrison
    - Resonance Research, manufacturers of Van de Graaff generators and Tesla coils
    - Tesla Coil Web Ring
    - Tesla Systems Research
  - triboelectricity
    - Crackling Planets, Astronauts on the Moon and Mars are going to have to cope with an uncommon amount of static electricity, Tony Phillips, Science@NASA, 10 August 2005
    - Correlation between nanosecond X-ray flashes and stick–slip friction in peeling tape. Carlos G. Camara1, Juan V. Escobar, Jonathan R. Hird & Seth J. Putterman. Nature 455, 1089–1092 (23 October 2008). Check out the supplemental graphs and photos.
2. Coulomb's Law
  - no resources for this topic
3. Electric Field
  - general
    - Franklin: An Electrostatic Field Tracer for Macintosh Computers, Paul Peters
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - The Electric Field, Faraday's vision of lines of constant force in space laid the foundation for the modern force field theory.
4. Electric Potential
  - general
    - Franklin: An Electrostatic Field Tracer for Macintosh Computers, Paul Peters
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Potential and Capacitance, Franklin proposes a successful theory of the Leyden jar and invents the parallel plate capacitor.
      - Voltage, Energy, and Force, When is electricity dangerous or benign, spectacular or useful?
5. Gauss' Law
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Vector Fields and Hydrodynamics, Force fields have definite properties of their own suitable for scientific study.
Electrostatic Applications
1. Conductors
  - faraday cage
    - High Power Job, glumbert.com (fascinating short video where, surprisingly, no one dies)
  - lightning
    - Fatal Attraction, New Scientist. 09 February 2002
    - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Lightning, Kerry Anderson, Canadian Forest Service
    - Hello. My name is Sabrina. I was struck by lightning.
    - Lightning, Ron Hipschman, Exploratorium
    - Lightning, Vincent Mallette, Inwit Publishing
    - Lightning and Atmospheric Electricity, Global Hydrology and Climate Center, NASA
    - Lightning Injury Research, Mary Ann Cooper, University of Illinois at Chicago
    - Lightning Strike & Electric Shock Survivors International (LSESSI)
    - National Lightning Safety Institute
    - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
      - Billy, Maria, and the Thunderstorm (children's coloring book)
      - Lightning Safety
  - lightning rod
    - Benjamin Franklin and Lightning Rods, Philip Krider, Physics Today, 26 January 2006
    - Benjamin Franklin's Science, I Bernard Cohen (1996)
    - Experiments and Observations on Electricity, Benjamin Franklin, Octavo Editions
    - Maryland State House dome - The Franklin Lightning Rod, Maryland State Archives
2. Capacitors
  - general
    - FaradNet
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Voltage, Energy, and Force, When is electricity dangerous or benign, spectacular or useful?
  - condenser microphone
    - Georg Neumann GmbH
  - home made capacitors
    - Capacitor Construction, Deep Fried Neon
    - How I built my Tesla capacitors, Stefan Kluge
  - mems accelerometer
    - iMEMS Accelerometers, Analog Systems
    - Little Machines That are Making it Big, David Bishop, Peter Gammel, & C. Randy Giles, Physics Today, October 2001.
    - Microelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University
  - sensors
    - Capacitive Proximity Sensors, Allen-Bradley (Rockwell Automation)
    - iGlassware (beverage glasses that sense when they need refilling), Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories
    - Symmetric Differential Capacitice Sensors Tutorial, Randall Peters, Mercer University
  - theremin
    - Robert Moog
      - Big Briar, Inc
      - Robert Moog Dies at 71; Created a Synthesizer That Revolutionized Music, New York Times, 23 August 2005
    - The Octopus Project - I Saw The Bright Shinies at YouTube
      - DJMattz0r
      - hotrob4000 (occasionally harsh audio)
      - JoshuaCarrShows
    - Theremin Home Page
    - theremin.org, Theremin Performer Eri
      - Star Trek Theme, QuickTime, WindowsMedia, RealAudio
    - ThereminWorld
3. Dielectrics
  - dielectric constants
    - ASI Instruments
4. Charge Quantization
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - The Millikan Experiment, A dramatic recreation of Millikan's classic oil-drop experiment to determine the charge of a single electron.
5. Batteries
  - general
    - Duracell Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM), technical information on battery systems
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - The Electric Battery, Volta invents the electric battery using the internal properties of different metals.
  - lead-acid
    - Battery Council International (BCI)
    - Electric Vehicle Battery Glossary, Triangle Electric Auto Association
    - International Lead and Zinc Study Group (ILZSG)
    - International Lead Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO)
    - Portable Rechargeable Battery Association (PRBA)
  - nickel-cadmium
    - Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC)
Electric Current
1. Electric Current
  - no resources for this topic
2. Electrical Resistance
  - conducting polymers
    - 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
  - miscellaneous
    - Toaster Museum Foundation
3. Electric Power
  - power transmission
    - Power Lines, Treebeard's Stumper Answer, 12 January 2001
DC Circuits
1. Resistors in Circuits
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Electric Circuits, The work of Wheatstone, Ohm, and Kirchhoff leads to the design and analysis of how current flows.
2. Batteries in Circuits
  - no resources for this topic, yet
3. Capacitors in Circuits
  - no resources for this topic
4. Kirchhoff's Rules
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Electric Circuits, The work of Wheatstone, Ohm, and Kirchhoff leads to the design and analysis of how current flows.
Magnetostatics
1. Magnetism
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Magnetism, Gilbert discovered that the earth behaves like a giant magnet.Modern scientists have learned even more.
  - historical
    - medieval technology pages
      - compass
      - magnets
    - peter peregrinus
      - Catholic Encyclopedia
    - william gilbert
      - 400 Years of De Magnete, David P. Stern
      - De Mangete, William Gilbert (1600)
  - miscellaneous
    - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), Florida State University
      - Center for Integrating Research and Learning
    - The Frog That Learned to Fly, High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML), Radboud University Nijmegen
2. Electromagnetism
  - no resources for this topic
3. Ampère's Law
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - The Magnetic Field, The law of Biot and Sarvart, the force between electric currents, and Ampère's law.
      - Vector Fields and Hydrodynamics, Force fields have definite properties of their own suitable for scientific study.
4. Magnetic Force
  - electric motor
    - Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA)
    - Silence is Golden, Mike Perricon, FermiNews, 20 October 2000
  - mass spectrometer
    - What is Mass Spectrometry? American Society of Mass Spectrometry
  - plasma physics
    - Internet Plasma Physics Educational Experience (IPPEX)
    - Oulu Space Physics Textbook, University of Oulu
  - nikola tesla
    - Nikola Tesla Museum, Belgrade
    - Tesla: Man Out of Time, Margaret Cheney, 2001
    - Tesla Memorial Society of New York
    - US Patent 334,823, Commutator, 1886
    - US Patent 381,968, Electro-Magnetic Motor, 1888
    - US Patent 381,969, Electro-Magnetic Motor, 1888
    - US Patent 382,279, Electro-Magnetic Motor, 1888
5. Ferromagnetism
  - animal magnetism
    - Animal Magnetism (general), Nigel Bunce & Jim Hunt, University of Guelph
    - Fischer, J. H. et al. "Evidence for the use of magnetic map information by an amphibian [newts]." Animal Behaviour. Vol. 62, No. 1 (July 2001).
  - magnet manufacturers
  - miscellaneous
    - Magnetic Particle Filtration For Metalworking Fluids, Modern Machine Shop
    - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL)
      - Center for Integrating Research and Learning
    - Louis Néel (1904-2000), "Obituaries", Physics Today, October 2001
6. Geomagnetism
  - general
    - Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere, David P. Stern & Mauricio Peredo, NASA
    - Earth's Inner Core Rotating Faster than Planet, Paul G. Richards, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, February 2000
    - High frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP)
    - International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP)
    - North Magnetic Pole, Geological Survey of Canada
    - Oulu Space Physics Textbook, University of Oulu
    - Tethers in Space, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA
  - Aurora
    - Aurora (Northern Lights), Time lapse movie of an aurora display on Sep/24/2006 in British Columbia, Canada
  - magnetometer networks
    - Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN), Kyushu University [page encoded in Shift JIS]
    - Geophysical Institute Magnetometer Array (GIMA), University of Alaska
    - Greenland Chain, Danish Meteorological Institute
    - International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects (IMAGE), Finnish Meteorological Institute
    - International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network (Intermagnet)
    - Magnetometer Array for Cusp and Cleft Studies (MACCS), Augsburg College -- Boston University
    - Magnetometer Array on the Greenland Ice Cap (MAGIC), University of Michigan
    - Sub-Auroral Magnetometer Network (SAMNET), University of York
  - space weather
    - Solar Terrestrial Activity Report, Jan Alvestad, DX-Listeners' Club
    - Space Environment Center (SEC), National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
    - Space Weather: A Research Perspective, National Research Council
    - Space Weather Bureau
    - Space Weather Today, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Magnetodynamics
1. Electromagnetic Induction
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Electromagnetic Induction, The discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831 creates an important technological breakthrough in the generation of electric power.
  - generators
    - People Power, New Scientist, 18 November 2000
    - Wallace Energy Systems and Renewables Facility (ocean wave energy generators), Oregon State University
  - nikola tesla
    - Nikola Tesla Museum, Belgrade
    - Tesla: Man Out of Time, Margaret Cheney, 2001
    - Tesla Memorial Society of New York
    - US Patent 381,970, System of Electrical Distribution, 1888
    - US Patent 382,280, Electrical Transmission of Power, 1888
    - US Patent 382,281, Electrical Transmission of Power, 1888
    - US Patent 447,921, Alternating Electric Current Generator, 1891
    - US Patent 609,250, Electrical Igniter for Gas Engines, 1898
2. Faraday's Law
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Electromagnetic Induction, The discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831 creates an important technological breakthrough in the generation of electric power.
  - michael faraday
    - Faraday Page, Royal Institution of Great Britain
3. Lenz' Law
  - eddy currents
    - Flaw Detection & Crack Detection Instrument — Defectometer, Foerster Instruments
4. Inductance
  - detectors
    - Inductive Loop Detectors, Eberle Design
    - Staying in the Loop, David Gibson, Milton K. Mills, & Doug Rekenthaler Jr., Public Roads, September/October 1998
    - Never Fail Loop Systems
AC Circuits
1. Alternating Current
  - safety
    - Electrical Injuries, Merck Manual of Medical Information, Second Home Edition Online
2. RC Circuits
  - no resources for this topic
3. RL Circuits
  - no resources for this topic
4. LC Circuits
  - theremin
    - Robert Moog
      - Big Briar, Inc
      - Robert Moog Dies at 71; Created a Synthesizer That Revolutionized Music, New York Times, 23 August 2005
    - The Octopus Project - I Saw The Bright Shinies at YouTube
      - DJMattz0r
      - hotrob4000 (occasionally harsh audio)
      - JoshuaCarrShows
    - Theremin Home Page
    - theremin.org, Theremin Performer Eri
      - Star Trek Theme, QuickTime, WindowsMedia, RealAudio
    - ThereminWorld
Electromagnetic Waves
1. Maxwell's Equations
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Maxwell's Equations, Maxwell discovers that displacement current produces electromagnetic waves or light.
2. Electromagnetic Waves
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Maxwell's Equations, Maxwell discovers that displacement current produces electromagnetic waves or light.
  - armstrong
    - E. H. Armstrong Website, Mike Katzdorn
    - Edwin Howard Armstrong, Columbia University at 250
    - Edwin Howard Armstrong: FM Inventor, Dana M. Raymond, Columbia University (Dana M. Raymond was Edwin Howard Armstrong's attorney during the legal struggles over the FM patent.)
    - Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves, Yannis Tsividis, Columbia University
    - Major Edwin Howard Armstrong: The Inventor of FM, Chris Tsakis, WFMU
    - US Patent 1342885, Superheterodyne Receiver
    - US Patent 2264608, Frequency Modulation
  - fessenden
    - Canadian Communications Foundation - Fondation des Communications Canadien
    - Hammond Museum of Radio, Guelph, Ontario
  - marconi
    - Aeroporto Guglielmo Marconi di Bologna
    - Associazione Guglielmo Marconi, Bologna, Italia
    - Comitato Guglielmo Marconi International, Bologna, Italia
    - Fondazione Guglielmo Marconi
    - Marconi Corporation, UK
    - MarconiCalling (The life, science and achievements of Guglielmo Marconi)
    - Nobel Prize in Physics 1909: Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun, Nobel Foundation
    - US Marconi Museum of Radio Communications
3. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
  - frequency allocation
    - United Kingdom
      - UK Radio Frequency Bands
    - United States
      - National Telecommunications and Information Administration
        
        Frequency Allocation Chart
      - North American Railroad Radio Frequencies, Jon Roma
      - Committee on Radio Frequencies, National Academies
  - low frequency
    - An Evaluation of the U.S. Navy's Extremely Low Frequency Submarine Communications Ecological Monitoring Program, National Academy of Sciences, 1999
    - ELF transmitters on Google Earth
      - Clam Lake, Wisconsin, USA (ELF-WTF)
      - Republic, Michigan, USA (ELF-MTF)
      - Kola Peninsula, Russia (Зевс or Zevs or Zeus depending on the source)
    - Loresco, deep AC grounding systems for the Navy's ELF system
    - Radio Waves Below 22 kHz, Renato Romero
    - VLF Group, Stanford University
      - Reception of ELF Signals at Antipodal Distances [pdf], Antony C. Fraser-Smith and Peter R. Bannister
    - Stephen P. McGreevy's ground-based ELF-VLF recordings, University of Iowa
  - high frequency
    - Major Edwin Howard Armstrong: The Inventor of FM, Chris Tsakis, WFMU
  - microwaves
    - Imaging Radar (NASA/JPL)
    - The Magnetron, Naval Electrical Engineering Training Series (NEETS), Integrated Publishing
    - Microwaves Damage Food, Dr. Karl Kruszelnicki, Great Moments in Science, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
    - Radar Meteorology: online remote sensing guide
    - US Patent 2495429, Microwave Oven, Percey Spencer
  - millimeter waves
    - Farran Technologies, manufacturers of millimeter wave technologies
    - J.C. Bose: 60 GHz in the 1890s
    - Millimeter Wave Technology Group, Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory
  - nonionizing radiation
    - Health Protection Agency | Radiation Protection Division
    - International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
  - radioastronomy

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Glenn Elert