External Resources: Matter

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© 1998-2008 by Glenn Elert -- A Work in Progress
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Introduction
- no resources for this topic

Matter
1. The Atomic Nature of Matter
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - The Atom, A history of the atom, from the ancient Greeks to the early 20th century, and a new challenge for the world of physics.
  - nanotechnology
    - World's Smallest Abacus, IBM, Zurich
2. Chemical Potential Energy
  - general
    - Annual Energy Review, Energy Information Administration (USDOE)
    - Energy Fact Sheets, International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI)
    - Energy in the United States 1635-2000, Energy Information Administration (USDOE)
  - biomass
    - Energy from Biomass, John J. Todd, Environment Industry Development Network
  - food energy
    - Nutrient Data Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture
  - fossil fuels
    - AeroShell Book, Shell Aviation
    - Aviation Fuels Technical Review, Chevron Products
    - Bad Mileage: 98 Tons Of Plants Per Gallon -- Study Shows Vast Amounts Of "Buried Sunshine" Needed To Fuel Society, University of Utah Press Release, 27 October 2003
    - Fossil Energy, Department of Energy
    - Gasoline FAQ, Bruce Hamilton <faqs.org>
3. Allotropes & Polymorphs
  - general
    - Allotropes, Nigel Bunce & Jim Hunt, University of Guelph
  - carbon
    - Mineralogy Database with individual pages on …
    - Diamond, Molecule of the Month, University of Bristol
    - The Mysterious Allotropes of Carbon, Dendritics (gemstone retailer)
      Nearly all of the links are broken, but the concepts on this page are still sound.
    - New Carbon Polymorph (named pococamo!), Molecular Simulations Inc.
      - Structural properties, contains virtual reality lattice models for several carbon polymorphs
    - buckminsterfullerenes
      - C₆₀: a New Form of Carbon. Krätschmer W., et al. Nature. Vol. 347 (27 September 1990) 354–358.
      - C₆₀: Buckminsterfullerene. Kroto, H.W., et al. Nature. Vol. 318 (18 October 1985): 162–163.
      - fullerenes.com, One time home of the Fullerenes and Nanotubes Review, Institute of Health Information and Statistics (IHIS), Croatia. Now home of nothing.
    - synthetic diamond
      - Man-made Diamonds. Bundy, F.P., et al. Nature. Vol. 176 (9 July 1955): 51-55.
      - Preparation of Diamond. Bovenkerk, H.P., et al. Nature. Vol. 184 (10 October 1959): 1094-1098.
  - cocoa butter
    - Fryer, Peter and Kerstin Pinschower. The Materials Science of Chocolate. Materials Research Society Bulletin. Vol. 25 No. 12 (December 2000).
    - Polymorphism (in cocoa butter suppositories), Laszlo Prokai, University of Florida
    - Polymorphism of natural fats, Kees "Chocolate" van Malssen, et al., Universiteit van Amsterdam
    - related web pages
      - Cool Chocolate, New Scientist, 9 May 1998
      - An Examination of the Inter-relationship between Structure and Growth Kinetics associated with the Crystallisation of Long-chain Hydrocarbons, Richard van Gelder, Alessandra Rossi, & José Marcos Sasaki
      - Optimisation of Chocolate Manufacturing: In-Situ Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) of Cocoa Butter Crystallisation, Australian Synchrotron, 2003
      - Using synchrotron radiation to examine the in-situ processing of long-chain hydrocarbons, Richard van Gelder, Kevin J Roberts, & Alessandra Rossi
  - iron & steel
    - American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
    - Glossary of Steel Industry Terms, Metal Strategies, Inc. (MSI)
    - Stainless Steel Technical Information, Southern Africa Stainless Steel Development Association (SASSDA)
    - Students and Specifiers Notes, Australian Stainless Steel Development Association (ASSDA)
    - White Paper, Stainless Steel, Stainless Plate Products USA
  - oxygen
    - ozone, tropospheric
      - New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (two web sites frozen in time)
        
        Air Quality Index, 2 World Trade Center
        Pollutant Levels (Hourly Values), 2 World Trade Center
    - ozone, stratospheric
      - find something
    - red oxygen (O₄)
      - The ε Phase of Solid Oxygen: Evidence of an O₄ Molecule Lattice, Federico A. Gorelli, et al., Physical Review Letters, November 1999.
      - New Form of Oxygen Found, Fulvio Cacace, et al. Nature, November 2001.
  - water
    - ice XII
      - John Finney, University College London
      - C. Lobban, J.L. Finney, W.F. Kuhs. The structure of a new phase of ice. Nature. Vol. 391 (15 January 1998): 268 - 270.
4. Avogadro's Hypothesis
  - historical
    - Essay on a Manner of Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies, and the Proportions in Which They Enter into These Compounds. Lorenzo Romano Amadeo Carlo Avogadro.Journal de physique, 73: 58-76 (1811).
    - On the Size of the Air Molecules. Johann Loschmidt. Proceedings of the Academy of Science of Vienna 52 (1865): 395-413.
5. Density
  - aerogels
    - Aerogel Web Page, NASA
  - planet earth
    - Cavendish Datafile, Data and Story Library
    - Density of the Earth Story, Data and Story Library
Phases
1. Gases
  - no resources for this topic
2. Liquids
  - exceptional viscosity
    - The Pitch Drop Experiment
3. Solids
  - no resources for this topic
4. Glasses
  - general
    - British Glass
    - Corning, Incorporated
    - Corning Museum of Glass
    - Glass, Nigel Bunce & Jim Hunt, University of Guelph
  - liquid or solid?
    - Analysis Shatters Cathedral-Glass Myth, Science News, 30 March 1998
    - Is Glass Liquid or Solid? Philip Gibbs, Usenet Physics FAQ
    - Glass Flow, Urban Legends Archive
  - other
    - amorphous steel
      - Amorphous Steel, Physics News Update, 21 June 2004
      - Lu, Liu, and Porter. Amorphous Steels. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 92 (18 June 2004)
    - glassy ice
      - Extra-Dense Glassy Ice, Physics News Update, Number 612 #3 (6 November 2002)
      - Finney, et al. Structure of a New Dense Amorphous Ice. Physical Review Letters.Vol. 89, No. 20 (October 2002)
    - OneWay Bullet Resistant Glass, Advanced Blast Protection
    - Toothpaste Is a Glass, Physical Review Focus (28 November 2000)
    - ZBLAN Research Takes Step Forward (zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminum, and sodium), Marshall Spaceflight Center, NASA
5. Plasmas
  - no resources for this topic
6. Metals
  - no resources for this topic
Solids
1. Elasticity
  - no resources for this topic
2. Scaling
  - no resources for this topic
Liquids
1. Surface Tension
  - no resources for this topic
2. Capillarity
  - no resources for this topic
Fluids
1. Pressure
  - bed of nails
    - David G. Willey, University of Pittsburgh
      - Instructions for Making a Bed of Nails
      - Physics Behind Four Amazing Demonstrations, Skeptical Inquirer, November 1999
        (also includes walking on a bed of broken glass and dipping your hand into molten lead)
    - David Tedeschi, University of South Carolina (lots of pictures)
    - Jearl Walker, Cleveland State University
      - The Bed of Nails Demonstration
      - More About the Bed of Nails Demonstration
    - Mahanakorn's Physics Magic, Mahanakorn University of Technology
    - Phun Physics, University of Virginia
    - Public Understanding of Science, Ken Skeldon, University of Glasgow
  - miscellaneous
    - High Pressure Diamond Optics
    - How a Tire Pressure Gauge Works
2. Pressure in a Fluid
  - atmospheric pressure
    - Martian Temperature and Pressure Profiles
  - physiology
    - acceleration
      - Aviation Medicine, Funk & Wagnall's Encyclopedia
      - Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Canadian Defence
        
        Acceleration Physiology: G Transitions
        Aerospace Life Sciences: Acceleration
      - Human Systems Wing, Brooks Air Force Base, US Air Force
        
        Acceleration Protection
        Advanced Technology Anti-G Suit
    - blood
      - Hemodynamics, University of California, Davis
      - Mean Artieral Pressure, Medical Formula, University of Kansas Medical Center
    - breathing
      - Don't Blow It: Trying to clear your nose only makes things worse, New Scientist, 10 September 1999
    - feet
      - The Sciencist, Home of the universal foot pressure standards calculator
3. Buoyancy
  - airship manufacturers
4. Fluid Flow
  - aerodynamics
    - Henri Marie Coanda, Aeronautics Learning Laboratory for Science Technology, and Research (ALLSTAR), NASA
    - Automatic Shut-Off Dispensing Nozzle, Paul Wilder, US Patent 4453578 (12 January 1983)
5. Viscosity
  - food
    - Using supplies from home, how should I find the viscosity of ketchup? MadSci Network, January 1999
  - humor
    - New High-Viscosity Mayonnaise to Aid in American Swallowing, The Onion, 18 November 1998
  - polymers
    - Extrusion Glossary of Terms, PolyDynamics
  - water
    - The Science of the Summer Games: Swimming, Inwit Publishing
    - Viscosity of Interfacial Water, Yingxi Zhu and Steve Granick, Physical Review Letters, August 2001
    - Water turns to jelly under pressure, Nature Science Update, 17 August 2001
6. Aerodynamic Drag
  - high-rise cat syndrome
    - Mehlhaff, Cheryl and Wayne Whitney. "High-Rise Syndrome in Cats." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Vol. 191 (1987): 1399-1403.
    - Diamond, Jared. "Why Cats Have Nine Lives." Nature. Vol. 332 (14 April 1988): 586-587.
    - Diamond, Jared. "How Cats Survive Falls from New York Skyscapers." Natural History. (August 1989):20-26.
    - "46 Floors Down, Still Purring." New York Times. (10 July 1994): CY6.
  - general
    - Projectile Question (try to get it wrong), Cambridge Physics Outlet
7. Flow Regimes
  - reynolds number
    - Life at Low Reynolds Number. E.M. Purcell. American Journal of Physics. Vol. 45. (1977): 3-11.
  - miscellaneous
    - Aerodynamics of Bicycles, Lex Smits, Princeton University

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