External Resources: Modern Physics

The Physics Hypertextbook™
© 1998-2008 by Glenn Elert -- A Work in Progress
All Rights Reserved -- Fair Use Encouraged

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Introduction
- general
  - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
    - Beyond the Mechanical Universe, The world of electricity and magnetism, and 20th-century discoveries of relativity and quantum mechanics.
    - The Quantum Mechanical Universe, A last look at where we've been and a peek into the future.

Relativity
1. Space-Time
  - general
    - Usenet Relativity FAQ
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - The Michelson-Morley Experiment, In 1887, an exquisitely designed measurement of the earth's motion through the ether results in the most brilliant failure in scientific history.
      - The Lorentz Transformation, If the speed of light is to be the same for all observers, then the length of a meter stick, or the rate of a ticking clock, depends on who measures it.
      - Velocity and Time, Einstein is motivated to perfect the central ideas of physics, resulting in a new understanding of the meaning of space and time.
  - gravity probe b
    - Stanford University
    - GravityProbeB.Com, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA
    - Q&A: Testing Einstein's Theories, BBC News, 19 April 2004
  - history
    - Galileo and Einstein, Michael Fowler, University of Virginia
    - Special Relativity, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
  - original publications
    - On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, Albert Einstein, 30 June 1905 (English translation "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper," Annalen der Physik 17:891, 1905)
    - Einstein, Albert. "Brief Outline of the Development of the Theory of Relativity." Nature 106 (1921): 782–784.
    - Relativity : the Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein, Project Gutenberg
    - Year of Physics: Relativity Revisited, Nature, 2005
  - miscellaneous
    - Search for Extra Dimensions. Fermilab
2. Mass-Energy
  - general
    - Numerical Relativity Exhibitions, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
    - Usenet Relativity FAQ
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Mass, Momentum, Energy, The new meaning of space and time make it necessary to formulate a new mechanics.
  - original publications
    - Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy-Content? Albert Einstein, 27 September 1905 (English translation of "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energiegehalt abhängig?" Annalen der Physik. 18:639, 1905)
    - Einstein, Albert. "Brief Outline of the Development of the Theory of Relativity." Nature 106 (1921): 782–784.
    - Relativity : the Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein, Project Gutenberg
    - Year of Physics: Relativity Revisited, Nature, 2005
3. General Relativity
  - general
    - General Relativity, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
    - Usenet Relativity FAQ
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Kepler to Einstein, From Kepler's laws and the theory of tides, to Einstein's general theory of relativity, into black holes, and beyond.
  - cosmology
    - Cosmology, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
    - Cosmology: A Research Briefing, National Academies Press
    - Flat as a Pancake, Mark Schrope, New Scientist
    - Cosmology 101, Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)
    - Value of Hubble's Constant, Nigel Bunce and Jim Hunt, University of Guelph, 14 December 1988
  - original publications
    - Einstein, Albert. "Brief Outline of the Development of the Theory of Relativity." Nature 106 (1921): 782–784.
    - Relativity : the Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein, Project Gutenberg
  - gravitational waves
    - Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO)
  - warped spacetime
    - Star Trekking, New Scientist, 15 April 2000.
    - Spacetime Wrinkles
  - miscellaneous
    - Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
    - Search for Extra Dimensions, Fermilab
Quantum Physics
1. Planck's Hypothesis
  - historical
    - Nobel Foundation
      - Nobel Prize in Physics 1904, Lord Rayleigh
      - Nobel Prize in Physics 1911, Wilhelm Wien
      - Nobel Prize in Physics 1918, Max Planck
    - Papers written by Max Planck
      - Über Irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. (1899): 440-80. See the last page for Planck's original calculations of what we know call Planck units.
      - On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum. Annalen der Physik. Vol. 4 (1901): 553.
  - miscellaneous
    - Planck Law Radiation Distributions [java applet], Mike Guidry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
    - The Ultraviolet Catastrophe (a band I have never heard)
2. Photoelectric Effect
  - general
    - Photoelectric Effect, Michael Fowler, University of Virginia
  - historical
    - Nobel Foundation
      - Nobel Prize in Physics 1905, Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard
      - Nobel Prize in Physics 1906, Joseph John Thomson
      - Nobel Prize in Physics 1921, Albert Einstein
      - Nobel Prize in Physics 1923, Robert Andrews Milikan
  - photocopier
    - How the Photocopier Works, Nigel Bunce & Jim Hunt, University of Guelph
  - photovoltaics
    - PV Power Resource Site <pvpower.com>
    - Solar power surge: Self-assembling organic solar cells could harness sunlight cheaply, Philip Ball, Nature, 10 August 2001
  - miscellaneous
    - Systems and methods for illuminating a spark gap in an electric discharge weapon, US Patent 7336472, Magne H. Nerheim, et al. (Taser International, Inc.) 26 February 2008
3. X-Rays
  - general
    - Generation of Electrons, Electromagnetic Radiation and Neutrons; Absorption, Fluorescence and Detection, Joe Smith, University of Chicago
  - historical
    - A Century of Radiology, Radiology Centennial, Penn State University Penn State College of Medicine
    - Deutsches Röntgen-Museum, Remscheid
    - Historical Overview of the Discovery of the X-Ray, Joyce Calarco, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute
    - History of Radiology (RealAudio slideshow), Scott D. Klioze, University of Florida
    - Nobel Prize in Physics 1901, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Nobel Foundation
    - On a New Kind of Rays, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Nature 53 (1896): 274-277.
    - On a New Kind of Rays, Würzburg Physical and Medical Society, 1895.
    - US Patent 1,203,495 (improved x-ray tube), William Coolidge, General Electric, 1913.
    - X-Ray Tubes, Kilokat's Antique Light Bulb Site
    - X-Rays (photos of antique apparatus), Museum of Physics, University of Queensland
  - spectroscopy
    - X-Ray Fluorescence, M. Matloc kM. Issa, A. Hutchinson, University of Kentucky
    - X-Ray Periodic Table, Pathikrit Bandyopadhyay, Illinois Institute of Technology
  - synchrotron radiation
    - Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
    - Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory
    - Berliner Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft für Synchrotronstrahlung (BESSY)
    - Center for Advanced Microstructures & Devices, Louisiana State University (LSU)
    - European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
    - Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor
    - Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron
    - National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory
    - Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
    - Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME)
    - Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut
    - Synchrotron Radiation Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison
    - Synchrotron Radiation Source, Daresbury Laboratory
    - Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facilty (SURF), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
4. Compton Effect
  - historical
    - Compton, Arthur H. A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements. Physical Review. Vol. 21, No. 5 (May 1923): 483-502.
    - Nobel Foundation
      - Nobel Prize in Physics 1927, Arthur Compton
      - Nobel Prize in Physics 1930, Chandrasekhara Raman
    - Raman and Krishnan. A New Type of Secondary Radiation. Nature. Vol. 121 (1928): 501-502.
  - solar sails
    - Solar Sailing, The Planetary Society
    - Union pour la Promotion de la Propulsion Photonique
5. Antimatter
  - propulsion
    - Bold Enterprise: Antimatter could carry us to the edges of the Solar System, New Scientist, 13 October 2000
6. Matter Waves
  - general
    - New Scientist's guide to the Quantum World
    - Modern Physics, Michael Fowler, University of Virginia
    - Visual Quantum Mechanics, Kansas State University
    - Physics 2000, University of Colorado
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Particles and Waves, Evidence that light can sometimes act like a particle leads to quantum mechanics, the new physics.
  - de broglie
    - Nobel Prize in Physics 1929, Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie, Nobel Foundation
    - Waves and Quanta. Louis de Broglie, Nature. Vol. 112 (1923): 540.
  - davisson-germer
    - Diffraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel. C. Davisson & L. H. Germer. Physical Review. Vol. 30, No. 6 (December 1927): 705-740.
    - Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel. Davisson and Germer. Nature. Vol. 119 (1927): 558-560.
    - Reflection of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel. C. J. Davisson & L. H. Germer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 14, No. 4 (15 April 1928): 317-322.
    - Reflection and Refraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel. C. J. Davisson & L. H. Germer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 14, No. 8 (15 August 1928): 619-627.
    - A Test for Polarization of Electron Waves by Reflection. C. J. Davisson & L. H. Germer. Physical Review. Vol. 33, No. 5 (May 1929): 760-772.
    - Electron Lenses. C. J. Davisson & C. J. Calbick. Physical Review. Vol. 42, No. 4 (November 1932): 580.
  - duality
    - The Dual Nature of Light as Reflected in the Nobel Archive, Gösta Ekspong, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
    - Wave Particle Duality, Queen Mary University of London
  - miscellaneous
    - Herman Batelaan, University of Nebraska (Kapitza-Dirac Effect)
    - Physicists Play the Nanopipe, Nature Science Update, 9 August 2001
    - Two-dimensional imaging of electronic wavefunctions in carbon nanotubes, LeMay, et al. Nature 412, 617-620 (2001).
7. Uncertainty
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Particles and Waves, Evidence that light can sometimes act like a particle leads to quantum mechanics, the new physics.
  - humor
    - Hypothetical Cat Simultaneously Dead and Alive, Physicists Say, The Onion, 26 May 1999
    - Haggar Physicists Develop "Quantum Slacks", The Onion, 6 June2001
  - tunneling electron microscope
    - US Patent 4,343,993, Scanning Tunneling Microscope, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, 10 August 1982
    - US Patent 4,724,318, Atomic Force Microscope, Gerd Binning, 9 January 1988
  - miscellaneous
    - Nobel Prize in Physics 1932, Werner Heisenberg, Nobel Foundation
    - Obituaries: Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir, Physics Today. Vol. 53, No. 9 (September 2000): 80-81.
Atomic Physics
1. Rutherford Model
  - general
    - Ernest Rutherford -- Scientist Supreme, John Campbell
    - Physics 2000, University of Colorado
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - The Atom, A history of the atom, from the ancient Greeks to the early 20th century, and a new challenge for the world of physics
2. Bohr Model
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - The Atom, A history of the atom, from the ancient Greeks to the early 20th century, and a new challenge for the world of physics.
      - Particles and Waves, Evidence that light can sometimes act like a particle leads to quantum mechanics, the new physics.
  - historical
    - Nobel Prize in Physics 1922, Niels Bohr, Nobel Foundation
    - Note on the Spectral Lines of Hydrogen, Johann Jacob Balmer, Annalen der Physik und Chemie 25, 80-5 (1885)
    - On the Spectrum of Hydrogen, Niels Bohr, Fysisk Tidsskrift 12, 97 (1914)
  - laser
    - Space Based Laser-Integrated Flight Experiment (SBL IFX), USAF
    - Mobile Tactical High Energy Laser (M-THEL), Defense Update
    - Mobile Tactical High Energy Laser (M-THEL), Global Security
    - Tactical High Energy Laser (THEL), Department of Defense
    - Tactical High Energy Laser (THEL), Federation of American Scientists
  - spectra
    - Atomic Spectra Database, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
3. Schrödinger Model
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - The Atom, A history of the atom, from the ancient Greeks to the early 20th century, and a new challenge for the world of physics.
      - Particles and Waves, Evidence that light can sometimes act like a particle leads to quantum mechanics, the new physics.
      - From Atoms to Quarks, Electron waves attracted to the nucleus of an atom help account for the periodic table of the elements and ultimately lead to the search for quarks.
  - orbitals
    - Atom in a Box: Real-Time Visualization of the Quantum Mechanical Atomic Orbitals, Dean Dauger
  - historical
    - Nobel Prize in Physics 1933, Erwin Schrödinger and P.A.M. Dirac
    - Nobel Prize in Physics 1945, Wolfgang Pauli
Solid State
1. Band Theory
2. Semiconductors
  - general
    - Britney Spears guide to Semiconductor Physics (by the pint-sized queen of pop herself)
Condensed Matter Physics
1. Superconductivity
  - announcements
    - ceramics
      - Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 to Bednorz & Müller "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials", Nobel Foundation
      - Bulk superconductivity at 36 K in La_1.8Sr_0.2CuO₄. R. J. Cava, R. B. van Dover, B. Batlogg, and E. A. Rietman. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 58, No. 4 (26 January 1987): 408–410.
      - Superconductivity at 93 K in a new mixed-phase Yb-Ba-Cu-O compound system at ambient pressure. M. K. Wu, J. R. Ashburn, C. J. Torng, P. H. Hor, R. L. Meng, L. Gao, Z. J. Huang, Y. Q. Wang, and C. W. Chu. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 58 No. 9: 908-910. This was the most cited scientific paper of 1987 and the 6th most cited of the 1980s despite containing an intentional typo.
      - Superconductivity above 130 K in the Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu-O system. A. Schilling, et al., Nature. Vol. 363 (15 April 1993): 56-58.
      - Superconductivity up to 164 K in HgBa₂Ca_m-1Cu_mO_2m+2+δ under quasihydrostatic pressures. L. Gao, et al. Physical Review B. Vol. 50, No. 6 (1 August 1994) : 4260-4263.
    - magnesium diboride
      - Superconductivity at 39 K in Magnesium Diboride. Jun Nagamatsu, et al., Nature. Vol. 410 (1 March 2001): 63-64.
  - commerce
    - American Magnetics
    - American Superconductor
    - Colorado Superconductor, Educational Superconductor Kits
  - education
    - A Guide to Superconductivity, Dirk Reimer, Universität Hamburg
    - A Teacher's Guide to Superconductivity for High School Students, Robert W. Dull & H. Richard Kerchner, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
    - Introduction to Superconductors, Jerry Emanuelson, Colorado Futurescience
    - superconductors.org
  - magnetic leviation
    - Magplane Technology, Inc.
    - Transrapid International, maglev train design and manufacture
  - research
    - Applied Superconductivity Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison
    - International Superconductivity Technology Center
    - Maglev Systems Development Department, Railway Technical Research Institute
    - Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston (TCSUH)
  - miscellaneous
    - Keeping it Cool, Kurt Riesselmann, FermiNews, 20 October 2000
    - Superconductivity, University of Arkansas (historical marker for Sheng & Hermann's record)
2. Superdiamagnetism
3. Superfluidity
  - historical
    - Tisza, Laszlo. The λ-Transition Explained. Nature 141 (1938): 643-644 & 913.
    - Allen, J.F. & H. Jones. The Fountain Effect. Nature 141 (1938): 243-244.
    - Kapitza, Pyotr. Superfluidity Observed. Nature 141 (1938): 74 & 75.
Nuclear Physics
1. Isotopes
  - general
    - ABCs of Nuclear Science, Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
    - Handbook of Isotopes in the Universe, Donald Clayton (2003)
    - Table of the Nuclides
  - heavy hydrogen
    - Astrophysicists announce surprising discovery of extremely rare molecule in interstellar space (triply deuterated ammonia), Tom Phillips, Caltech Press Release, 29 May 2002.
    - Why is heavy water poisonous? Philip Carlson, PhysLink.com
  - isotopic ratios
    - Aber, James S. Paleoclimate Reconstruction, Emporia State University
    - Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry, University of California, Berkeley
    - Dansgaard, W. "Stable Isotopes in Precipitation." Tellus. 16 (1964): 436-468.
    - Dawson, Todd, et al. Stable Isotopes in Plant Ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. Vol. 33: (November 2002): 507-559.
    - Omnivore's Dilemma, Michael Pollan (2006)
    - Park, R., and S. Epstein. "Metabolic fractionation of ¹³C and ¹²C in plants." Plant Physiology. 36 (1961): 380-384.
    - Urey, H.C. "The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances." Journal of the Chemical Society. (1947): 562-581.
2. Radioactive Decay
  - historical
    - Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium, Nanny Fröman, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
    - Marie Curie and the NBS Radium Standards, Bert & Johnathan Coursey, National Institute of Standards & Technology
    - Radioactivity is 100 Years Old, Didier Verkindt, Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules
  - tracers
    - Cold War, Hot Secret, New Scientist, 3 January 2001
  - miscellaneous
    - A New Radioactivity (6p 8n), Nigel Bunce & Jim Hunt, University of Guelph
3. Half Life
  - historical
    - Rutherford, Ernest. "A Radioactive Substance Emitted from Thorium Compounds." Philosophical Magazine. Vol. 49, No. 5 (January 1900): 1-14.
    - Catlog of Known and Putative Nuclear Explosions from Unclassified Sources, James E. Lawson Jr, Oklahoma Geological Survey
  - radioisotopic dating
    - c14dating.com, Radiocarbon Web Info
    - Carbon Dating Service, best new Canadian band name of 2006
    - Carbon dating works for cells: Radioactive fallout from nuclear tests serves as measuring stick, Roxanne Khamsi, Nature, 14 July 2005
    - Der Tod startet die Stoppuhr, webmuseen.de (Source of the phrase "Death starts the stopwatch".)
    - radiocarbon.org, University of Arizona
    - Short-Lived Isotopic Chronometers, US Geological Survey (FS-73-98)
  - rtg (radioisotope thermal generators) including snap (space nuclear auxiliary power)
    - Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space [mirror]
    - Carl Grossmann
      - Disgrace Into Space, The Ecologist, March 2001
      - Plutonium in Space (Again!) Karl Grossman, Covert Action Quarterly, Number 73, Summer 2002
      - Nukes-in-Space in Columbia's Wake, Z Magazine, Vol. 16 No. 4, April 2003 [mirror] [mirror]
    - NASM--Apollo to the Moon--SNAP-27, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution
    - Space Radioisotope Power Systems, Office of Nuclear Energy, Science & Technology, US Department of Energy, April 2002
      - Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator [pdf]
      - New Horizons Mission (Pluto) [pdf]
      - Safety [pdf]
      - Stirling Radioisotope Generator [pdf]
4. Binding Energy
  - no resources for this topic
5. Fission
  - accidents
    - Nuclear accident at JCO [Tokaimura, Japan], Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan
  - historical
    - Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction. Lise Meitner & Otto Frisch. Nature. Vol. 143 (1939): 239-240.
    - Chain reacting atomic pile
      - Fission of Uranium by Alpha-Particles. Enrico Fermi & Emilio Segrè. Physical Review. Vol. 59 (1941): 680-681.
      - The Development of the First Chain Reacting Pile. Enrico Fermi. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 90, No. 1 (January 1946): 20-24.
  - humor
    - MIT Physicists Split the Smithereen, The Onion, 31 May 2000
  - power
    - Nuclear Plants Datafile, Data and Story Library (DSTL)
    - Uranium Institute, International Association for Nuclear Energy
    - Virtual Nuclear Tourist, Joseph Gonyeau
6. Fusion
  - humor
    - I'm Going to Be a Star, by Protostellar Molecular Cloud Barnard 631, The Onion, 4 October 2006
  - stars
    - How the Sun Shines, John N. Bahcall, Institute for Advanced Study
    - Sun's Power Source, Nick Strobel, Bakersfield College
  - reactors
    - Internet Plasma Physics Education Experience (IPPEX), Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
    - The Heat is On: It's make or break time for the dream of never-ending fusion power, New Scientist, 14 October 2000
    - Fusion Power, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA)
7. Nucleosynthesis
  - stellar nucleosynthesis
    - Astronomy 162, University of Tennessee-Knoxville
    - Handbook of Isotopes in the Universe, Donald Clayton (2003)
    - Stellar Evolution and Death, NASA
  - heavy element research centers
    - University of Chicago
    - Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt, Germany
    - Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
      (Объединенный Институт Ядерных Исследований, Дубна, Россия)
      - 118, 117, 116, 115, 114, 113, 112, 111, 110, 109, …
    - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL), Berkeley, California
    - Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
  - superheavy element reports
    - Element 106 Named Seaborgium, LBL Research Review, August 1994
    - Element 110 is Named Darmstadtium, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
    - Element 112, GSI
    - Element 114, Physics News, 27 January 1999
    - Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 [and 113]. Physical Review C, February 2004
    - Elements 118 & 116
      - false
        
        Summary, Physical Review Focus, 6 August 1999
        Full Article, Physical Review Letters, 9 August 1999
        Retraction, Physical Review Letters, 15 July 2002
      - real
        
        Summary, Physics News,16 October 2006
        Full Article, Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics), 9 October 2006
  - humor
    - I'm Going to Be a Star, by Protostellar Molecular Cloud Barnard 631, The Onion, 4 October 2006
    - New Element, Russell For President 2000
8. Nuclear Weapons
  - general
    - Bureau of Atomic Tourism
    - The H-Bomb Secret: How we got it and why we’re telling it. The Progressive. Vol. 43, No. 11 (November 1979)
    - Nuclear Weapons Archive
      - Teller-Ulam Design
      - Nuclear Weapon Diagrams
    - International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
    - Jayne Loader's Public Shelter
    - Nuclear Control Institute
    - Nuclear Files
    - Nuclear Fuel Services
    - Nuclear Information and Resource Service (NIRS)
    - Stay Safe, Stay Strong: The Facts About Nuclear Weapons (1960), Instructional film on nuclear weapons for U.S. Air Force personnel, Internet Archive
    - Todd's Atomic Homepage
      - Documentation and Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb
    - Virtual Nuclear Tourist
  - historical
    - A-Bomb WWW Museum
    - Atomic Archive
    - Atomkeller-Museum Haigerloch
    - Catalog of Known and Putative Nuclear Explosions from Unclassified Sources, James E. Lawson Jr, Oklahoma Geological Survey
    - Citizen Kurchatov, Public Broadcasting System
    - Einstein's Letters to Roosevelt
    - Historical Nuclear Weapons Test Films, US Department of Energy
    - National Atomic Museum, Albuquerque, New Mexico
    - Richard Rhodes
    - Swords of Armageddon, Chuck Hansen <uscoldwar.com>
  - india-pakistan
    - August 1998 Pakistan Special Weapons News, Federation of American Scientists
    - Pakistan Institute for Aeronautical Defense Studies (PIADS)
    - Pakistan's Nuclear Emergence, Khwarzimic Science Society
  - north korea
    - Monday, 09 October 2006 01:35:28 UTC
      - US Geological Survey
        
        Magnitude 4.3 - 2006 October 09 01:35:28 UTC
      - Office of the Director of National Intelligence
        
        Statement by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence on the North Korea Nuclear Test
      - Korean Central News Agency
        
        DPRK Successfully Conducts Underground Nuclear Test
    - Monday, 25 May 2009 00:54:43 UTC
      - US Geological Survey
        
        Magnitude 4.7 - 2009 May 25 00:54:43 UTC
  - united states
    - Pantex Plant
  - yield calculation
    - Nuclear Weapon Effects Calculator, Federation of American Scientists
    - Geoffrey Ingram Taylor. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Vol. 201, No. 1065. (22 March 1950): 159–186.
      - The formation of a blast wave by a very intense explosion. I. Theoretical discussion [pdf]
      - The formation of a blast wave by a very intense explosion. II. The atomic explosion of 1945 [pdf]
9. Radiobiology
  - accidents
    - Radium Girls, Bill Kovarik, Mass Media & Environmental Conflict
    - What Happened at Tokaimura? Barbara Goss Levi, Physics Today, December 1999
  - dosage
    - Atomic Dose Information, Todd's Atomic Homepage
  - history
    - Louis Harold Gray, Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust
    - Rolf Sievert, Karolinska Institutet
  - humor
    - Japanese Leaders Say Radioactive Waste May Have Contributed to Creation of Giant Monsters, The Onion, 9 September 1997
  - therapy
    - Radionuclide Therapy, Bert Coursey, Physics Today
Particle Physics
1. Quantum Electrodynamics
  - photon
    - Experimental Limits on the Photon Mass, Roderic Lakes, University of Wisconsin
    - A New Limit on Photon Mass, Jun Luo, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
2. Quantum Chromodynamics
  - general
    - QCD Made Simple, Frank Wilczek, Physics Today Online
  - quarks
    - Discovery of the Top Quark, Fermilab
    - The Discovery of the Top Quark, Tony M. Liss & Paul L. Tipton, Scientific American (September 1997)
3. Quantum Flavordynamics
  - general
    - Ultimate Neutrino Page, University of Oulu
    - First Detection of The Neutrino, Dennis Silverman
    - The Tau Neutrino, Discoveries at Fermilab
  - neutrino detectors
    - Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA)
    - Baksan Neutrino Observatory
    - NuMi - Minos, neutrino oscillation research at Fermilab
    - Super-Kamiokande Detector
  - solar neutrinos
    - History of Solar Neutrino Research, John Bahcall, Institute for Advanced Study
    - Solar Neutrino FAQ, Sverker Johansson
  - supernova 1987a
    - Mont Blanc
      - Aglietta, M.; Badino, G.; Bologna, G.; Castagnoli, C.; Castellina, A. Supernova neutrinos detected in the Mont Blanc experiment. Proceedings of the ESO Workshop on the SN 1987A. Garching, Federal Republic of Germany, 1987: 206-216.
    - Baksan Neutrino Observatory, Prielbrusye, Russia
      - Alekseev, E. N.; Alekseeva, L. N.; Krivosheina, I. V.; Volchenko, V. I., Detection of the neutrino signal from SN 1987A using the INR Baksan underground scintillation telescope. Proceedings of the ESO Workshop on the SN 1987A. Garching, Federal Republic of Germany, 1987: 237-24.
    - IMB (Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven)
      - Bionta, R. M.; Blewitt, G.; Bratton, C. B.; Caspere, D.; Ciocio, A. Observation of a neutrino burst in coincidence with supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 58 (6 April 1987) 1494-1496.
    - Kamiokande II (Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment)
      - Hirata, K.; Kajita, T.; Koshiba, M.; Nakahata, M.; Oyama, Y. Observation of a neutrino burst from the supernova SN1987A. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 58, (6 April 1987): 1490-1493.
4. The Standard Model
  - general
    - Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN)
    - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)
      - Discoveries at Fermilab
      - Worldwide Discoveries that Led to the Standard Model
    - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Fundamental Forces, All physical phenomena of nature are explained by four forces: two nuclear forces, gravity, and electricity.
      - Gravity, Electricity, Magnetism, Shedding light on the mathematical form of the gravitational, electric, and magnetic forces.
      - From Atoms to Quarks, Electron waves attracted to the nucleus of an atom help account for the periodic table of the elements and ultimately lead to the search for quarks.
    - Particle Data Group (PDG)
      - Particle Adventure
  - electron
    - The Discovery of the Electron, American Institute of Physics
    - Double or Quit: A lone researcher says he can cut an electron in two, New Scientist, 14 October 2000
  - muon
    - Cosmic-Ray Muons Might Help Thwart Transport of Concealed Fissile Material, Physics Today, May 2003
  - neutrinos
    - Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA)
    - Discovery Of Neutrino Mass Passes Another Test, University Science
    - First Detection of The Neutrino, Dennis Silverman
    - History of Solar Neutrino Research, John Bahcall, Institute for Advanced Study
    - Discoveries at Fermilab
      - The Tau Neutrino
    - Solar Neutrino FAQ (mirror), Sverker Johansson
    - Solar Neutrino Problem, Mark H. Seibert, Johns Hopkins University
    - Sun's Power Source, Nick Strobel, Bakersfield College
    - Super-Kamiokande Detector
    - Ultimate Neutrino Page, University of Oulu
  - photon
    - Experimental Limits on the Photon Mass, Roderic Lakes, University of Wisconsin
  - quarks
    - Discoveries at Fermilab
      - The Top Quark
      - The Bottom Quark
    - The Discovery of the Top Quark, Tony M. Liss & Paul L. Tipton, Scientific American (September 1997)
  - humor
    - Bush Finds Error in Fermilab Calculations, The Onion, 1 August 2001
5. Beyond the Standard Model
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - The Quantum Mechanical Universe, A last look at where we've been and a peek into the future.
  - higgson
    - Higgs Boson: One Page Explanation, Physics World, Volume 6 Number 9
    - LEP closes: Hints of the Higgs boson are "not sufficiently conclusive" to save Europe's key accelerator, New Scientist, 8 November 2000
  - humor
    - World's Top Scientists Ponder: What If the Whole Universe Is, Like, One Huge Atom? The Onion, 22 July 1999
  - superstrings
    - Official String Theory Web Site, Patricia Schwarz
  - extra dimensions
    - Representations of E₈, American Institute of Mathematics (AIM)
    - flatland and sequels
      - Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions, Edwin Abbott (1884)
      - Flatland with Sphereland: A Fantasy About Curved Spaces and an Expanding Universe, Dionys Burger (1983)
      - Flatterland: Like Flatland, Only More So, Ian Stewart (2002)
    - Michio Kaku Online
      - Hyperspace (1995)
      - Beyond Einstein (1998)
    - Search for Extra Dimensions, Fermilab

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Glenn Elert