External Resources: Thermal Physics

The Physics Hypertextbook™
© 1998-2008 by Glenn Elert -- A Work in Progress
All Rights Reserved -- Fair Use Encouraged

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Introduction
- general
  - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
    - Temperature and Gas Laws, Hot discoveries about the behavior of gases make the connection between temperature and heat.

Heat & Temperature
1. Temperature
  - general
    - About Temperature, Beverly T. Lynds, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
    - About Temperature Sensors, Ray Peacock <temperatures.com>
    - Absolute Zero, NOVA, PBS, 8 & 15 January 2008
      - A Sense of Scale
    - The Boomerang Nebula: The Coldest Region of the Universe? Raghvendra, Sahai and Lars- Åke Nyman. Astrophysical Journal. 487 (1 October 1997): L155 L159.
    - History of the Thermometer, Albert Van Helden, The Galileo Project
    - Martian Temperature and Pressure Profiles
    - Temperature World, Alan Parker <temperatureworld.com>
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Temperature and Gas Laws, Hot discoveries about the behavior of gases make the connection between temperature and heat.
  - fahrenheit
    - A Lesson on the Arbitrary Nature of Thermometer Scales Using the Historical Case of the Creation of the Fahrenheit Temperature Scale. Robert J. Ruhf. <www.x98ruhf.net>
    - Fahrenheit Temperature Scale, John Lord, <sizes.com>
  - its
    - International Temperature Scale <its-90.com>
  - meteorology
    - Maximiliano Herrera
      - Extreme Temperatures Around the World
      - Extreme Temperatures in the United States
    - Marvin's International Falls Thermometer
    - Temperature Extremes, National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)
    - World Temperature Extremes, Jacob
2. Sensible Heat
  - dulong-petit
    - Heat Capacity - Atomic Weight Relationship, J. S. Paul Schwarz
    - Petit & Dulong, Carmen Guinta, Classic Chemistry (translation of the 1819 paper)
3. Latent Heat
  - boiling
    - Ionic solutions don't look like that!
    - Why do many foods have High Altitude Cooking Instructions? Marshall Brain, How Stuff Works
  - humor
    - Third-Grade Scientists Successfully Vaporize Water, The Onion, 28 November 2001
  - melting
    - Theory of Ice skating is all wet!
    - Thermal Clothing (microencapsulated phase-change material), Spinoff Magazine, NASA
    - On the Preparation of Suppositories, William G. Ewing, American Journal of Pharmacy, Vol. 43, 1871.
4. Phase Diagrams
  - miscellaneous
    - The Lower End of the Sublimation Curve. B. Diu, et al. European Journal of Physics. Vol. 23 No. 2 (March 2002): 205-212.
5. Thermal Expansion
  - miscellaneous
    - Temperature responsive self winding timepieces (US Patent 6,457,856), Steven Phillips, 28 June 2001
6. Gas Laws
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Temperature and Gas Laws, Hot discoveries about the behavior of gases make the connection between temperature and heat.
  - flatulence
    - McGee, Harold. "The Problems of Legumes and Flatulence." On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York: Fireside, 1984: 257-58.
    - Pfeiffer, C.J. "Gastroenterological Aspects of Manned Space Flight." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. 150 (1968): 40-48.
  - historical
    - Guillaume Amontons
      - nothing yet
    - Robert Boyle
      - Great Experiments in Physics. Morris H. Shamos, Ed. Toronto: General Publishing, 1959 (Dover Reprint, 1987).
    - Jacques Alexander Cèsare Charles
      - nothing yet
    - Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
      - Gay-Lussac -- Scientist, Woodrow Wilson Leadership Program in Chemistry
      - The Expansion of Gases by Heat. Annales de Chimie 43, 137 (1802).
      - Memoir on the Combination of Gaseous Substances with Each Other. Mémoires de la Société d'Arcueil 2, 207 (1809).
    - Edme Mariotte
      - nothing yet
  - planetary studies
    - Martian Temperature and Pressure Profiles
    - Temperature Profile of Venusian Atmosphere
  - popcorn
    - Popcorn Gets Poppier, Philip Ball, Nature Online News, 28 September 2004
    - Quinn P.V., Hong D.C. & Both J.A, Increasing the Size of a Piece of Popcorn, xxx.arxiv.org, 2004.
  - underwater
    - Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, US Navy
    - Scuba Physics, Aquaholics
Heat Transfer
1. Conduction
  - general
    - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
      - Heat Transmission Properties of Insulating and Building Materials, Standard Reference Data Program
      - Thermal Conductivity, Building and Fire Research Laboratory
2. Convection
  - combustion in microgravity
    - Flame On - and on, and on: Combustion Science on MSL-1, Liftoff, NASA, 17 July 1977
    - Ross, Howard D. Microgravity Combustion: Fire in Free Fall. Burlington, MA: Academic Press (2002).
    - Microgravity Combustion Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley
    - Microgravity Droplet Combustion, Princeton University
    - New Science: A New Flame, Liftoff, NASA, 18 December 2002
    - Structure Of Flame Balls At Low Lewis-number (SOFBALL), Combustion Physics Laboratory, University of Southern California
    - Space Shuttle Missions STS-83, STS-94, STS-107
  - miscellaneous
    - Rayleigh-Bénard and Bénard-Marangoni Convection, University of Toronto
    - Turbulence Toughens Bones, Nature, November 2001
3. Radiation
  - general
    - Blackbody Radiation, University of Massachusetts
  - body surface area
    - Advanced Body Surface Area Calculator, Steven B. Halls
    - Body Surface Area, Bedside Tools
    - Body Surface Area, Body Mass Index, Medical College of Wisconsin
    - Body Surface Area Calculator, Evelio Perez-Albuerne
    - Dubois, D. & Dubois, E.F. "A Formula to Estimate the Approximate Surface Area if Height and Weight be Known." Archives of Internal Medicine. Vol. 17 (1916): 863-71.
    - Bailey, B.J.R & Brairs, G.L. "Estimating the Surface Area of the Human Body." Statistics in Medicine. Vol. 15 (1996): 1325-1332.
    - Boyd, E. The Growth of the Surface Area of the Human Body. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1935.
    - Current, John D. "A Linear Equation for Estimating the Body Surface Area in Infants and Children." Internet Journal of Anesthesiology. Vol. 2, No. 2 (1 April 1998).
    - Gehan, E.A. & George, S.L. "Estimation of Human Body Surface Area from Height and Weight." Cancer Chemotherapy Report. Vol. 54 (1970): 225-35.
    - Haycock, G.B.; G.J. Schwartz & D.H. Wisotsky. "Geometric Method for Measuring Body Surface Area: a Height-Weight Formula Validated in Infants, Children, and Adults." Journal of Pediatrics. Vol. 93. (1978): 62-66.
    - Mosteller, R.D. "Simplified Calculation of Body-Surface Area." New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 317, No. 17 (22 October 1987): 1098.
    - Vu, Thanh. Standardization of Body Surface Area Calculations. Cross Cancer Institute. Summer 1999.
  - global warming
    - An Inconvenient Truth, climatecrisis.net
    - EPICA Dome C Ice Core Data, National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)
    - Siegenthaler, Urs; et al. Stable Carbon Cycle–Climate Relationship During the Late Pleistocene. Science. Vol. 310, No. 5752 ( 25 November 2005): 1313 - 1317.
  - home construction
    - Efficient Windows Collaborative
    - Cool Colours: A new paint can cool your home in summer and warm it up in winter, New Scientist, 18 April 2001.
    - Low-Emissivity Window Coatings. Physics Today. November 2000.
    - Windows & Daylighting, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  - thermography
    - FLIR Systems, infrared cameras
    - Infrared, Inc., infrared cameras and services
    - Snell Infrared, resources for thermographers
  - miscellaneous
    - Dyson Sphere FAQ Sanders, Andberg; et al.
    - Phillips, P.K. & J.E. Heath."Heat loss in Dumbo: a theoretical approach." Journal of Thermal Biology. Vol. 26 No. 2. (2001) 117-120.
Statistical Mechanics
1. Kinetic-Molecular Theory
  - no resources for this topic
2. Pressure
3. Temperature
4. Diffusion
Thermodynamics
1. Heat & Work
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Temperature and Gas Laws, Hot discoveries about the behavior of gases make the connection between temperature and heat.
  - historical
    - An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction. Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford), 1798.
    - Heat is a Form of Motion: An Experiment in Boring Cannon. Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford). Philosophical Transactions 88, 1798.
    - On the Conservation of Force [Energy], Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1863), Modern History Sourcebook
    - On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, James P. Joule
  - "perpetual motion"
    - Motionless electromagnetic generator, Patrick, et al., US Patent 6,362,718 (26 March 2002).
2. Pressure-Volume Diagrams
  - miscellaneous
    - Respiratory Mechanics, Novametrix Medical Systems
    - Arrott, Anthony S. The zilch cycle: An application of the first law of thermodynamics. American Journal of Physics. Vol. 45, No. 7 (1977): 672-673.
3. Engines
  - general
    - Engine Trends, L. Allison, Software Communication Group
    - Structure and Principle of Engines, National Maritime Research Institute
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Engine of Nature, The Carnot engine, part one, beginning with simple steam engines.
  - hybrid
    - Doubly Efficient Electric Hybrid & Combined Heat & Power Systems, Physics Today, November 2000
  - reciprocating
    - diesel-cycle
      - The Most Powerful Diesel Engine in the World, Todd Walke
    - miller-cycle
      - The Inside Story on the Miller-Cycle Engine, Mazda
      - How does a Miller-cycle engine work? How Stuff Works
      - Miller Cycle Gas Engine for Co-Generation Systems, Tokyo Gas
    - otto-cycle
      - Deutz AG, founded by N. A. Otto in 1864 as N. A. Otto & Cie
      - Four-Stroke Cycle, University of Leipzig (includes Java simulation)
      - Nicolaus August Otto Museum
      - How a Car Engine Works, How Stuff Works, Marshall Brain
    - rankine-cycle (steam)
      - Steam Engine Library, University of Rochester (A collection of historical documents relating to the history of the steam engine.)
    - stirling-cycle
      - A Stirling Idea, Spinoff Magazine, NASA
      - External Combustion Engines, WrenchTEN
      - Little Engine Pages, Roy Rice & Richard Egge
      - Moteurs Stirling, Daniel Lyonnet
      - Project Prometheus, NASA
      - Stirling Engine, Koichi Hirata
      - Stirling Engine-Refrigerator: Rich Pedagogy from Applied Physics, Randall D. Peters, Mercer University
      - Stirling Engine Society USA (SESUSA)
      - Tin Can Stirling Engine Plans, Henry Kroll
  - rotary
    - otto-cycle (wankel)
      - History of Rotary, Mazda
      - rotorhead.ca, rotary resources and more
      - Der Wankelmotor und sein Erfinder, Felix Wankel
    - brayton-cycle (turbine)
      - Foster Power Generation, used turbines!
4. Refrigerators
  - general
  - cold air refrigerator (ice box)
    - Improved Process for the Artificial Production of Ice (pat. 8080, yr. 1851), John Gorrie, US Patent & Trademark Office
  - refrigerants
    - ammonia
      - Ammonia Refrigerators, Ammonia Refrigeration Technicians Association (ARTA) <www.nh3tech.com>
    - chlorofluorocarbons
      - Groppi A, Polettini A, Lunetta P, Achille G, Montagna M. A fatal case of trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11) poisoning. Tissue distribution study by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Forensic Science. Vol. 39, No. 3. (May 1994): 871-6.
      - Ozone Depletion, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
      - Ozone Secretariat, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
    - sulfur dioxide
      - Bolton Hall HazMat Incident, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (14 July 2000)
    - other
      - Refrigerants for the 21st Century, William Gumprecht, ChemCases Properties of Refrigerants and Refrigerant Mixtures Database, NIST
  - thermoacoustics
    - Thermoacoustic Refrigeration, Pennsylvania State University
  - vapor-compression refrigerator
    - How Refrigerators Work, Marshal Brain, How Stuff Works
5. Energy & Entropy
  - general
    - About Temperature, Beverly T. Lynds, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
    - The Arrow of Time, Nigel Bunce and Jim Hunt, University of Guelph
    - Entropy on the World Wide Web, Chris Hillman, University of Washington
    - Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for Small Systems and Short Time Scales. G. M. Wang, E. M. Sevick, Emil Mittag, Debra J. Searles, and Denis J. Evans. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 89, No. 5 (29 July 2002).
    - How to teach statistical thermal physics in an introductory physics course, Koo-Chul Lee, Seoul National University
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Entropy, The Carnot engine, part two, with profound implications for the behavior of matter and the flow of time through the universe.
  - historical
    - Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power, Sadi Carnot, Translated by R.H. Thurston, New York, 1890.
  - humor
    - Christian Right Lobbies to Overturn Second Law of Thermodynamics, The Onion, 6 September 2000
  - information theory
    - Shannon Day @ Bell Labs, includes copies of his seminal 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication"
    - A Short Course in Information Theory, David J.C. MacKay, Cavendish Laboratory
  - perpetual motion
    - Motionless electromagnetic generator, Patrick, et al., US Patent 6,362,718 (26 March 2002)
    - Perpetual Motion Page, York University
6. Absolute Zero
  - general
    - Absolute Zero, NOVA, PBS, 8 & 15 January 2008
      - A Sense of Scale
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Low Temperatures, With the quest for low temperatures came the discovery that all elements can exist in each of the basic states of matter.
  - cryogenics
    - Helsinki University of Technology
      - Milestones
      - World record in low temperatures (100 pK), 8 December 2000
    - Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Universiteit Leiden
    - Keeping it Cool, Kurt Riesselmann, FermiNews, 20 October 2000

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