External Resources: Waves & Optics

The Physics Hypertextbook™
© 1998-2008 by Glenn Elert -- A Work in Progress
All Rights Reserved -- Fair Use Encouraged

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Introduction
- general
  - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
    - Waves, With an analysis of simple harmonic motion and a stroke of genius, Newton extended mechanics to the propagation of sound.
- traffic waves
  - Ben Coifman, Ohio State University -- University of California Berkeley
    - Shocking (html)
    - Time Space Diagrams for Thirteen Shock Waves (pdf)
  - Dynamics of Traffic Jams (Shock Waves in a 2D Granular Flow), S. Hørlück and P. Dimon, Niels Bohr Institute
  - Kinematics of Driving: Some "Real" Traffic Considerations, DC Tech
  - Microsimulation of road traffic, Martin Treiber, Dresden University of Technology
  - Starlogo, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  - Stop-and-Go Science, Peter Weiss, Science News, 3 July 1999
  - Traffic Waves, William Beaty, Science Hobbyist
- ocean waves
  - Seabased Energy AB, using oceanwaves to generate electricity
- seismic waves
  - Oklahoma Geological Survey Nuclear Explosion Catalog

Wave Phenomena
1. Periodic Waves
  - general
    - Longitudinal and Transverse Waves, Dan Russell, Kettering University [excellent animations of wave types]
2. Interference & Superposition
  - active noise reduction
    - Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine (DCIEM), Canadian Forces
      - Active Noise Reduction
      - Demonstration of digital ANR
3. Reflection, Transmission, Absorption
  - no resources for this topic
4. Standing Waves
  - schumann resonance
    - Schumann, W.O. "Über die strahlungslosen Eigenschwingungen einer leitenden Kugel, die von einer Luftschicht und einer Ionosphärenhülle umgeben ist." Zeitschrift Naturforsch. 7A (1952) 149-154.
    - Schumann Resonances, Geophysical Observatory, Modra, Slovak Republic
      - electric component
      - magnetic component
    - Magnetic Activity and Schumann Resonance, Northern california Earthquake Data Center
  - miscellaneous
    - Good and Bad Vibrations, New York Times science reporter John Schwartz and Rutgers University physics demonstrator Dave Maiullo explain the power of standing waves.
    - Measuring the Speed of Light with Chocolate, Joseph Andersen, About.com
    - Physicists Play the Nanopipe, Nature Science Update, 9 August 2001
    - Rod Cross, University of Sydney
      - Physics of Baseball [standing waves on a baseball bat]
      - Physics of Tennis [standing waves on a tennis racket]
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Resonance, Why a swaying bridge collapses with a high wind, and why a wine glass shatters with a higher octave.
    - Two-dimensional imaging of electronic wavefunctions in carbon nanotubes, LeMay, et al. Nature 412, 617 - 620 (2001).
5. Diffraction
  - no resources for this topic
6. Interference in Two and Three Dimensions
  - spectroscopy
    - Mini Spectroscopes, Alan Schwabacher, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Sound
1. The Nature of Sound
  - general
    - Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
      - The Wave Theory of Sound
    - Pulse of the Planet, two minute sound portraits from planet earth (lternate URL at National Geographic)
  - animals
    - Animal Psychophysics (chinchilla)
    - Bioacoustics Research Program (BRP), Cornell University
    - Echolocation in Dolphins and Bats, Whitlow W. L. Au, and James A. Simmons, Physics Today. (September 2007).
    - Fay, Richard R., et al. Hearing in Vertebrates: A Psychophysics Databook. Winnetka, IL: Hill-Fay Associates, 1988.
    - Fauna Communications Research Institute
    - Great Whales Foundation
    - Last Word Archive: Rain on the Plain (elephants)
    - Low Frequency and Infrasonic Vocalizations From Tigers
    - Ocean Mammal Institute (OMI)
    - Springer Handbook of Auditory Research
      - Comparative Hearing, 1994
      - Comparative Hearing: Birds and Reptiles, 2000
      - Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians, 1998
      - Comparative Hearing: Insects, 1998
      - Comparative Hearing: Mammals. 1994
      - Evolution of the Vertebrate Auditory System, 2004
      - Fish Bioacoustics, 2008
      - Hearing by Whales and Dolphins, 2000
      - Hearing and Sound Communication in Amphibians, 2006
    - Turtle's Hearing Test
    - Whales & Marine Animals, National Resources Defence Council (NRDC)
    - Underwater Acoustics, Talk of the Nation: Science Friday, 26 June 1998
    - pigeons
      - Quine, Douglas B. and Melvin L. Kreithen. Frequency shift discrimination: Can homing pigeons locate infrasounds by Doppler shifts? Journal of Comparative Physiology A. Vol. 141, No. 2 (June 1981): 153-155.
      - Yodlowski, Kreithen & Keeton. Detection of atmospheric infrasound by homing pigeons. Nature. Vol. 265 (24 February 1977): 725 - 726.
  - humans
    - A Ring Tone Meant to Fall on Deaf Ears, Paul Vitello, New York Times, 12 June 2006
    - Animations of Processes within the Ear, University of Wisconsin
    - AudioCheck.net, test your hearing or your computer sound system
      - Low Frequency Response Check
      - High Frequency Response Check
    - Audio Engineering: An Introduction
    - Auditory Illusion (requires ShockWave)
    - Hearing is Believing, Center for Applied Academics)
    - How We Localize Sound, William M. Hartman, Physics Today, November 1999
    - Mosquito Ultrasonic Teenage Youth Deterrent, IViewCameras
    - Parmly Hearing Institute, Loyola University Chicago
  - infrasound
    - general
      - Infrasonics Program, NOAA/ERL/Environmental Technology Laboratory
      - Infrasound and Seismo-Acoustic Sensing, Southern Methodist University
    - space shuttle
      - Infrasound of Space Shuttle Columbia, Southern Methodist University
      - Shock Waves from Shuttle Columbia, Geotech Instruments
    - underwater
      - Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC), University of California, San Diego
      - Quiet Sea Coalition
      - Silent Oceans
      - Underwater Acoustics, Talk of the Nation: Science Friday, 26 June 1998
  - software
    - Shareware Music Machine,
    - Utilitaire, Musique et Son, Mac Griffe
2. Intensity
  - general
    - League for the Hard of Hearing
    - Krakatau at Google Maps
3. Beats
  - general
    - The Beat (ShockWave)
  - emergency broadcast system / emergency alert system
    - Emergency Alert System, Federal Communications Commission
    - Code of Federal Regulations 47, Part 11 Emergency Alert System [pdf], Federal Communications Commission, 1996
  - radio
    - How Does a Superheterodyne Receiver Work? Warren Parks
  - telephony
    - 2600: The Hacker Quarterly
    - DTMF FAQ, T.H. Tsim (two locations)
      - repairfaq.org
      - utwente.nl
    - Dual Tone MultiFrequency (Java), Canadian Consulting & Online Services
    - Frank Durda IV
    - Spectral Analysis of DTMF (Java), MathWorks
    - Telephone World
    - Telephony Tones and Telephony Signals, Henning Schulzrinne & Scott Petrack, Columbia University
  - theremin
    - Robert Moog
      - Big Briar, Inc
      - Robert Moog Dies at 71; Created a Synthesizer That Revolutionized Music, New York Times, 23 August 2005
    - The Octopus Project - I Saw The Bright Shinies at YouTube
      - DJMattz0r
      - hotrob4000 (occasionally harsh audio)
      - JoshuaCarrShows
    - Theremin Home Page
    - theremin.org, Theremin Performer Eri
      - Star Trek Theme, QuickTime, WindowsMedia, RealAudio
    - ThereminWorld
4. Music & Noise
  - music
    - Boethius Server, Society for Music Theory, University of California -- Santa Barbara
    - Musical Acoustics, University of New South Wales (a truly excellent site)
    - Musical Acoustics, University of New South Wales
    - musictheory.net, Ricci Adams
    - tonalityguide.com, Tom Pankhurst
    - Tuning In, Center for Applied Academics
    - Physics of Woodwinds, Alma C. Zook, Harcourt College Publishers
  - noise
    - A Bibliography on 1/f Noise, Wentian Li, Rockerfeller University
5. Döppler Effect (Sound)
  - no resources for this topic
6. Shock Waves
  - space shuttle
    - Infrasound of Space Shuttle Columbia, Southern Methodist University
    - Shock Waves from Shuttle Columbia, Geotech Instruments
    - Space Shuttles and Sonic Booms Fact Sheet
  - miscellaneous
    - Alpha Cam: Runaway Star, Astronomy Photo of the Day (APOD), 24 November 2006
    - Does the tip of a snapped towel move faster than sound? Spence Allen & Nicolas Lee & Elizabeth Smith, North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics
    - Gallery of Fluid Mechanics, M.S. Cramer, Virginia Tech
    - Plasma Magic: Will plasmas start an aerospace revolution? New Scientist, 28 October 2000
    - United States Air Force Sonic Boom Fact Sheet
Physical Optics
1. The Nature of Light
  - general
    - Lightwave: Light Education Page, University of Southampton
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Optics, Many properties of light are properties of waves, including reflection, refraction, and diffraction.
  - speed of light
    - Data and Story Library
      - Estimating the Speed of Light Story and Speed of Light Datafile, Simon Newcomb
      - Speed of Light Story and Michelson Datafile, A. A. Michelson, 1879
    - Démonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumière, Ole Rømer, Journal des Sçavans. Lundi 7 Décembre 1676: 223-236 [Club Astro Centrale Paris].
    - Light May Have Slowed Down, New Scientist, 15 August 2001
    - Speed of Light, University of Virginia
  - laser ranging
    - Apollo 11 Laser Ranging Retroreflector Experiment, Lunar and Planetary Institute
    - International Laser Ranging Service, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
    - McDonald Laser Ranging Station, University of Texas McDonald Observatory
  - infrared
    - near infrared
  - ultraviolet
    - Sunglass Blues, Nigel Bunce & Jim Hunt, University of Guelph
2. Color
  - artisitic (but still scientific)
    - handprint: color vision, Bruce MacEvoy
  - calibration & standards
    - ColorSync
    - Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE), International Commission on Illumination
    - Pantone
    - sRGB
  - historical
    - Farbenlehre Inhaltsverzeichnis - Werke Goethes, Rudolf Steiner Schule Bern und Ittigen
  - mixing
    - Color Mixing
    - Material Science
  - theory
    - Chronological Bibliography on Color Theory, José Luis Caivano, Universidad de Buenos Aires
    - Color Group (Great Britain), City University, London
    - Color Matters, J. L. Morton
    - Color Technology, Charles Poynton
    - Color & Vision Database, Color & Vision Research Laboratory, University of California -- San Diego
    - Glossary of Color Science Terms, Alex Byrne & David Hilbert, University of Illinois -- Chicago
  - miscellaneous
    - Cosmic Spectrum and the Color of the Universe, Karl Glazebrook & Ivan Baldry, Johns Hopkins University
    - Could Early Man Only See Three Colors? Cecil Adams, Straight Dope, 24 January 1986
3. Thin Film Interference
  - no resources for this topic
4. Resolving Power
  - no resources for this topic
5. Single, Double, Multiple Source Interference
  - crystallography
    - Crystallography 101 (x-ray), Bernhard Rupp, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)
  - holography
    - Hand-Drawn Holograms, William J. Beaty, Science Hobbyist
    - Holography News, Reconnaissance Holographics
    - Invention of Holography, Nature 161 (1948), 777-778.
6. Döppler Effect (Light)
  - no resources for this topic
7. Cerenkov Radiation
  - no resources for this topic
8. Polarization
  - general
    - Edwin Land
      - US Patent 2,173,304
      - US Patent 2,184,999
    - Phytochemical Collection (polarized light micrographs), Molecular Expressions, Florida State University
Geometric Optics
1. Reflection
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Optics, Many properties of light are properties of waves, including reflection, refraction, and diffraction.
2. Refraction
  - general
    - The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (video on demand, login required)
      - Optics, Many properties of light are properties of waves, including reflection, refraction, and diffraction.
  - historical
    - Stationary Paths, Kevin Brown, Math Pages
  - birefringence
    - Birefringence in Calcite Crystals, Olympus Microscopy Resource Center
    - Calomel Single Crystals, Cestmir Barta, BBT - Materials Processing
  - optical fibers
    - general
      - Fiber 101, Corning
    - polar bear fur
      - Is polar bear hair fiber optic? Daniel W. Koon, St. Lawrence University
    - tv stone
      - The mineral ulexite, Hershel Friedman, Mineral and Gemstone Kingdom
      - Ulexite (Hydrated Sodium Calcium Borate Hydroxide), Amethyst Galleries, Inc.
      - Ulexite Mineral Data, David Barthelmy, Mineralogy Database
    - miscellaneous
      - ZBLAN Research Takes Step Forward, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA (ZBLAN = zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminum, sodium)
  - optical meteorology
    - About Rainbows, Beverly T. Lynds, Unidata
    - Atmospheric Halos, Les Cowley
    - Atmospheric Optics Photography, Harald Edens (weather-photography.com)
    - Atmospheric Phenomena, Pekka Parviainen,
    - Circles of Light: The Mathematics of Rainbows, Frederick J. Wicklin & Paul Edelman, University of Minnesota
    - Green Flash Page, Andrew T. Young, San Diego State University
    - Light and Optics: Online Meteorology Guide, Weather World 2010, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
    - Mirages in Finland, Pekka Parviainen, Virtual Finland
      - A Ship of Many Shapes [RealVideo]
    - Arbeitskreis Meteore (Atmospheric Phenomena), Wolfgang Hinz
  - negative index of refraction
    - An optical "anti-lens", David Harris, physics.about.com, April 7, 2001
    - Bending Light the Wrong Way, M. C. K. Wiltshire, Science, Vol. 292 (2001): 60-61.
    - Experimental Verification of a Negative Index of Refraction, R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, S. Schultz, Science, Vol. 292 (2001): 77-79.
    - Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneous Negative Electrical and Magnetic Permeabilities (pdf), V.G. Veselago, Lebedev Physics Institute, 1964.
    - Material Bends Microwaves Backwards, Kimberly Patch, Technology Research News, 11 April 2001
  - miscellaneous
    - Emerald and the politics of Opticon treatment, Richard W. Hughes, ruby-sapphire.com
    - Why do waves travel towards a shore no matter which way the wind blows? Last Word, New Scientist
3. Spherical Mirrors
  - miscellaneous
    - Acoustic Mirrors [on opposite shores of the English Channel!], Lise Autogena
    - Sky Mirror, Anish Kapoor, Nottingham Playhouse
4. Spherical Lenses
  - miscellaneous
    - B-EYE: The world through the eyes of a bee, Andrew Giger, Australian National University
    - Crystal ball starts fire at Okla. home, salon.com news
    - Making Fire Using a Balloon [or a Condom], Mike Richardson. PrimitiveWays
    - Random Destructive Acts via Focused Solar Radiation
5. Aberration
  - chromatic aberration
    - BluBlocker High Resolution Sunglasses
    - Sunglass Blues, Nigel Bunce & Jim Hunt, University of Guelph
    - Suntiger Sunglasses
  - spherical aberration
    - hubble space telescope fiasco

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